One of the most economically important pests of pome fruit crops. It is also one of the most dangerous pests of plums. It can cause more than 50% damage to the fruits. The codling moth primarily prefers apple as its main host, but it can also attack other fruits of the genus Malus, as well as pears and quinces. Common hosts also include some varieties of apricots, plums, and cherries. It also infests blackthorn and wild plum.
It develops two generations per year. In some years, under favorable climatic conditions, a partial third generation may occur, but its population density is usually extremely low and does not cause significant damage. The main reproduction and plant damage occur during the first two generations.
The female codling moth lays its eggs on young fruits or on branches and leaves near them. Typically, egg-laying begins in the spring when air temperatures reach around 12-14°C. Females lay between 30 and 50 eggs during their lifespan, with each egg being white or light yellow and having a slightly oval shape.
The larva hatches from the egg after 5–7 days and begins to penetrate the fruit, feeding on its flesh. Codling moth larvae go through 3–4 developmental stages, increasing in size with each molt. These larvae can cause significant damage to the fruits, leading to their drying out and rotting, making them unsuitable for consumption or commercial use.
The damage caused by the codling moth appears in two main forms:
Mechanical damage – The larvae bore into the fruits and feed on them, leaving small holes on the skin of the fruits.
Microbiological infection – The penetration of the larva into the fruit often leads to the development of rot due to contamination with various bacteria and fungi.
The adult moths fly mainly in the evening, while their caterpillars feed on the inside of the fruits, creating characteristic worm-eaten tunnels.
